As I teach students how to create tables in MySQL Workbench, it’s always important to review the meaning of the checkbox keys. Then, I need to remind them that every table requires a natural key from our prior discussion on normalization. I explain that a natural key is a compound candidate key (made up of two or more column values), and that it naturally defines uniqueness for each row in a table.

Then, we discuss surrogate keys, which are typically ID column keys. I explain that surrogate keys are driven by sequences in the database. While a number of databases disclose the name of sequences, MySQL treats the sequence as an attribute of the table. In Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD), that makes the sequence a member of the table by composition rather than aggregation. Surrogate keys are also unique in the table but should never be used to determine uniqueness like the natural key. Surrogate keys are also candidate keys, like a …

No, I don’t think so. But it is does change our profession and have important implications for software engineers using (not managing) MySQL.

No, I don’t think so. But it is does change our profession and have important implications for software engineers using (not managing) MySQL.

No, I don’t think so. But it is does change our profession and have important implications for software engineers using (not managing) MySQL.

In the previous part, we created our application and our 2 functions.

Now we need to create an API Gateway to be able to call these functions from outside OCI. Using a third party scheduler, our laptop, etc…

Before creating the gateway, we need to create some policy to allow the API Gateway to call our functions. I’ve tried to create the policy after, it seems to not work as expected.

Security

Dynamic Group

We need to create a Dynamic Group that will match our gateway:

The matching rule is checking the type of resource that should be ApiGateway and my compartment’s id:

All {resource.type='ApiGateway', resource.compartment.id = 'ocid1.compartment.oc1..xxxxxxxxx'}

Policy …

In my previous post, I explained how to deal with Performance_Schema and Sys to identify the candidates for Query Optimization but also to understand the workload on the database.

In this article, we will see how we can create an OCI Fn Application that will generate a slow query log from our MySQL Database Service instance and store it to Object Storage.

The creation of the function and its use is similar to the one explained in the …

MySQL is an outstanding database for online transaction processing. With suitable hardware, it is easy to execute more than 1M queries per second and handle tens of thousands of simultaneous connections. Many of the most demanding web applications on the planet are built on MySQL. With capabilities like that, why would MySQL users need anything else?  

Well, analytic queries for starters. Analytic queries answer important business questions like finding the number of unique visitors to a website over time or figuring out how to increase online purchases. They scan large volumes of data and compute aggregates, including sums, averages, and much more complex …

If like me you are an old experienced MySQL DBA, to analyze your MySQL workload, you certainly have used the slow query log with long_query_time set to 0.

The slow query log is a file that contains all the queries whose execution time is greater than the value of long_query_time. This file can be huge and uses up all available disk space on busy systems.

Constantly writing to that file can also add an overhead to the server.

For those reasons, the slow query log is not available in MySQL Database Service (HeatWave) in OCI.

Plan B ?

As a DBA, what are my options for finding the queries that need to be optimized? As usual, the queries that consume the most time are the ones that need some attention

It can be a very long query or a short query executed too many times.

Currently the MySQL DBAs use …

MySQL 8.0.30 was released on 26-07-2022. It has a good list of features.

• Generated Invisible Primary Key
• Dynamic Redo log Sizing
• Instruments to monitor group replication memory
• Support for Ubuntu 22.04

A most notable feature for Database Administrators and database reliability engineers is Dynamic redo logging.

The more widely adopted open-source backup tool is Xtrabackup. The change in the redo log design has affected this hot backup tool.

2022-10-04T18:40:08.211998+05:30 0 [Note] [MY-011825] [Xtrabackup] recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql 
2022-10-04T18:40:08.212264+05:30 0 [Note] [MY-011825] [Xtrabackup] recognized client arguments: …

Oracle releases updates to MySQL on a quarterly basis and the Release Notes for 8.0.31 arrived just before the software.  This time around there are some very interesting new features that will be handy including SQL standards support, as well as over 130 bug fixes.

The TL;DR:  Some nice new features but nothing spectacular.

• FULL is now a reserved word.
• InnoDB now supports parallel index builds, which improves index build performance. In particular, loading sorted index entries into a B-tree is now multithreaded.
• The OpenSSL library for MySQL Server has been updated to version 1.1.1q.
• The optimizer has been improved so that the old ER_NOT_SUPORTED_YET is not thrown when you try something like this:
  

      ((SELECT a, b, c FROM t ORDER BY a LIMIT 3) ORDER BY b LIMIT 2) ORDER …