I had a few more suggestions thrown out at me before I could wrap this one up.

• Try disabling the RAID controller read-ahead
• Try a few custom options to XFS
• Try RAID-10

First, my final “best” state benchmarks for comparison:

The MySQL Server 5.7.5 Development Milestone Release, which was published recently, contains some significant changes to the metadata locking (MDL) subsystem and to the usage of the THR_LOCK manager for InnoDB tables. This post provides more information about these changes, which resulted in nice improvements in both scalability and performance.

Sometime during the development cycle of MySQL 5.6 we realized that locks used in the metadata locking subsystem (MDL) implementation can become a scalability bottleneck when many short statements were executed in @autocommit=1 mode against InnoDB tables.

Bug #66473 is a good example (8-table Sysbench POINT_SELECT/InnoDB test). In this particular case the bottleneck was the mutex protecting the MDL_map hash which …

Following my previous post, I got some excellent feedback in the forms of comments, tweets and other chat. In no particular order:

• Commenter Tibi noted that ensuring I’m mounting with noatime, nodiratime and nobarrier should all improve performance.
• Commenter benbradley pointed out a missing flag on some of my sysbench tests which will necessitate re-testing.
• Former co-worker @preston4tw suggests looking at different IO schedulers. For all tests past, I used deadline which seems to be best, but re-testing with noop could be useful.
• Fellow DBA @kormoc encouraged me to try many smaller partitions to limit the number of concurrent fsyncs.

There seem to be …

As I mentioned on my last post, where I compared the default configurations options in 5.6 and 5.7, I have been doing some testing for a particular load in several versions of MySQL. What I have been checking is different ways to load a CSV file (the same file I used for testing the compression tools) into MySQL. For those seasoned MySQL DBAs and programmers, you probably know the answer, so you can jump over to my 5.6 versus 5.7 results. However, the first part of this post is dedicated for developers and MySQL beginners that want to know the answer to the title question, in a step-by-step fashion. I must say I also learned something, as I under- and over-estimated some of the effects of certain …

Why Query Rewrites?

Now that the cost model project is progressing, most of you are going to notice execution plan changes. In the vast majority of the cases, the changes will be for the better, and some bugs with a long history will finally be closed. In some cases, however, you will notice that your queries run slower. This is inevitable: even if the MySQL optimizer is doing a much better job with the information it has, it may still be the case that the information was incomplete and that the best plan was, in fact, found by not trusting that information! Normally, we would just say “add an optimizer hint” and be over with it. But sometimes you can’t do that. For instance your query could be auto-generated from an application that you have no control over. This is why you want to intervene right before the …

In a previous blog post we presented some of the issues with the current optimizer cost model and listed several ideas for improvements. The new 5.7.5 DMR contains the result of our initial work on improving the optimizer’s cost model:

• Cost Model for WHERE Conditions. In previous versions of MySQL, the estimated number of rows from a table that will be joined with the next table only takes into account the conditions used by the access method. This often led to record estimates that were far too high and thus to a very wrong cost estimate for the join. With wrong cost estimates, the join optimizer might not find and choose the best join order. To solve this issue, a cost model that includes the …

Cloud service provider Backblaze has updated its earlier study of hard drive failure rates (Nov 2013) in its own infrastructure – from 27,000 to more than 34,000 drives, and the new report (Sep 2014) is quite informative. Hitachi comes out pretty high, Western Digital has produced some good drives, but Seagate tends to come out worst. Each brand does have good and not-so-good models so there’s no single right answer, and for any new model you’ll always be dealing with an unknown factor.

Backblaze also found that consumer drives actually perform well compared to enterprise grade drives, and once price is taking into account the enterprise drives just …

In some cases it is not possible to use an index to optimize a JOIN. This may for example happen when you query the Performance Schema. As a result these kind of queries can be very slow; however in MySQL 5.6 and later you can use a trick to improve the performance considerably.

As a working example in this post, I will use the schema_table_statistics view in the sys schema. Since the view involves the schema, I will create a reasonable large number of databases and tables for the test:

shell$ for ((i=0; i<100; i++)); do
>    echo "Database ${i}"
>    mysql -e "CREATE DATABASE db${i}"
>    for ((j=0; j<100; j++)); do
>        mysql -e "CREATE TABLE db${i}.t${j} (id int unsigned NOT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY, val varchar(10) NOT NULL) …

On my post last week, I analysed some of the most common compression tools and formats, and its compression speed and ratio. While that could give us a good idea of the performance of those tools, the analysis would be incomplete without researching the decompression. This is particularly true for database backups as, for those cases where the compression process is performed outside of the production boxes, you may not care too much about compression times. In that case, even if it is relatively slow, it will not affect the performance of your MySQL server (or whatever you are using). The decompression time, however, can be critical, as it may influence in many cases the MTTR of your whole system.

Testing …

To learn about the many factors that can affect the performance of the MySQL Database, take the MySQL Performance Tuning course.

You will learn:

• How your hardware and operating system can affect performance
• How to set up and logging to improve performance
• Best practices for backup and recovery
• And much more

You can take this 4-day instructor-led course through the following formats:

• Training-on-Demand: Start training within 24 hours of registering for training, following lectures at your own pace through streaming video and booking time on a lab environment to suit your schedule.
• Live-Virtual Event: Attend a live event from your own desk, no travel required. Choose …