Foreign Keys are what links tables together and turns a set of tables into a model. Foreign Key Constraints are conditions that must be true for the content of the tables to be an internally consistent model. Foreign Key Constraints can be defined and enforced in InnoDB, but this comes at a considerable price, and for some it may hurt more than it is worth.

A very simple shop as a ER-model. order_id is the primary key of the Orders table. customer_id in the Orders table is a foreign key: The primary key of another (“foreign”) table in this table. Foreign keys can model relationships between tables (“entities”) in an entity-relationship diagram.

Entities and their relationships

In Entity-Relationship modelling we are using tables in a database to model entities in the real world. Each entry in such a table is meant to represent a “thing” in the real world. For example, in our …

As a data architect I always ensure that for any database schema change there a fully recoverable execution path.
I have generally advised to create a patch/revert process for every change.  For example, if a change adds a new column or index to a table, a revert script would remove the respective column or index.
The goal is to always have a defensive position for any changes. The concept is that simple, it is not complex.

In its simplest form I use the following directory and file structure.

/schema
    schema.sql
    /patch
        YYYYMMDDXX.sql     where XX,ZZ are sequential 2 digit numbers, e.g. 01,02
        YYYYMMDDZZ.sql
   /revert
       YYYYMMDDXX.sql   This is the same file name in the revert sub-directory.
       YYYYMMDDZZ.sql

At any commit or tag in configuration management it is possible to create a current copy of the schema, i.e. use schema.sql.
It is also possible to take the first …

Support Channel. “Hi, I am getting deadlocks in the database and they occur when I have to rollback the transactions but if we don’t have to roll back all transactions get executed.” Wait, what? After some back and forth it becomes clear that the Dev experiences deadlocks and has data:

mysql> pager less
mysql> show engine innodb status\G
...
MySQL thread id 142531, OS thread handle 139990258222848, query id 4799571
somehost.somedomain someuser update
INSERT into sometable (identifier_id, currency, balance ) VALUES ('d4e84cb1-4d56-4d67-9d16-1d548fd26b55', 'EUR', '0')
*** (2) HOLDS THE LOCK(S):
RECORD LOCKS space id 3523 page no 1106463 n bits 224 index PRIMARY of table `somedb`.`sometable` trx id 9843342279 lock mode S locks gap before rec

and that is weird because of the lock mode S locks gap in the last line. We get the exact same statement with the exact same value on the second thread, but with lock …

In a previous article we wrote data to the database using atomic update statements, and then using transactions with SELECT ... FOR UPDATE. In this article we will look at what happens when we continue doing this, in a more complicated way. Source code for this article is also available on github.com.

A simple row lock

But first let’s do things manually: We create a table kris with an integer primary key column and a secondary unindexed data column. We are filling it with some records with gaps between the primary keys.

We then START TRANSACTION READ WRITE and SELECT ... FOR UPDATE a record:

Session1> create table kris ( id serial, …

Using the framework for testing we created in earlier articles, let’s try to modify some data. We are writing a small program that increments a counter. Our table looks like this, and contains 10 counters:

CREATE TABLE `demo` (
  `id` bigint unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `counter` int NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  UNIQUE KEY `id` (`id`)
)
INSERT INTO `demo` VALUES (1,0);
INSERT INTO `demo` VALUES (2,0);
...
INSERT INTO `demo` VALUES (10,0);

We are using some very simple programming to increment a counter:

@sql.command()
@click.option("--name", default="demo", help="Table name to count in")
@click.option("--id", default=0, help="Counter to use")
@click.option("--count", default=1000, help="Number of increments")
def count(name, id, count):
    """ Increment counter --id by --count many steps in table --name """
    for i in range(0, count):
        cmd = f"update {name} set counter=counter+1 where id = {id}"

        c = …

I wanted to be brave and I installed MySQL Group Replication manually…. it was painful !

Then I realized that managing those servers and especially deal with MySQL Routers was even more painful !

What are my options now ? Is there a solution or do I need to restart from scratch ?

Asking the answer is already answering it… and once again MySQL Shell at the rescue.

MySQL Group Replication

I’ve configured everything manually. I also loaded group_replication and clone plugins and finally after having bootstrapped my Group here is what I have:

mysql> select member_host, member_port port, member_state state, 
       member_role role, member_version version 
       from performance_schema.replication_group_members;
+-------------+------+--------+-----------+---------+
| member_host | port | state  | role      | version | …

After having a look how MySQL handles transactions physically, let’s have a look at what is going on from a logical point of view.

We are using a test table called demo with an id and a counter field, both integer. In it we have 10 counters, all set to 0.

CREATE TABLE `demo` (
  `id` bigint unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `counter` int NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  UNIQUE KEY `id` (`id`)
)
INSERT INTO `demo` VALUES (1,0);
INSERT INTO `demo` VALUES (2,0);
...
INSERT INTO `demo` VALUES (10,0);

In one session, we start a transaction and modify a counter value. We do not commit anything.

Session1> start transaction read write;
Session1> update demo set counter = 10 where id = 3;

Isolation

In a second session, we check the data and notice a few things:

Session2> select …

Introduction In this article, we are going to see how we can implement an audit logging mechanism using MySQL database triggers to store the old and new row states in JSON column types. Database tables Let’s assume we have a library application that has the following two tables: The book table stores all the books that are found in our library, and the book_audit_log table stores the CDC (Change Data Capture) events that happened to a given book record via an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE DML statement. The book_audit_log table is created... Read More

The post MySQL audit logging using triggers appeared first on Vlad Mihalcea.

I got this question on the “How to Avoid Pitfalls in Schema Upgrade with Percona XtraDB Cluster (PXC)” webinar and wanted to answer it in a separate post.

Will RSU have an effect on GTID consistency if replication PXC cluster to another cluster?

Answer for this: yes and no.

Galera assigns its own GTID for the operations, replicated to all nodes of the cluster. Such operations include DML (

INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE

 ) on InnoDB tables and DDL commands, executed with default TOI method. You can find more details on how GTIDs work in the Percona XtraDB Cluster in this blog post.

However, DDL commands, executed with RSU method, are …

I would say that innodb_rollback_on_timeout is a very important parameter. In this blog, I am going to explain “innodb_rollback_on_timeout” and how it affects the transaction behavior at the MySQL level. I describe two scenarios with practical tests, as it would be helpful to understand this parameter better.

What is innodb_rollback_on_timeout?

The parameter Innodb_rollback_on_timeout will control the behavior of the transaction when a failure occurs with timeout.

• If –innodb-rollback-on-timeout=OFF ( default ) is specified, InnoDB rollbacks only the last statement on a transaction timeout.
• If –innodb-rollback-on-timeout=ON is specified, a transaction timeout causes InnoDB to abort and roll back the entire transaction.

Let’s conduct the test with the …