One of our primary focuses at Percona is performance. Let me make some statements on what is “performance.”

In doing so I will refer to two pieces of content:

• Carry Millsap’s talk “Performance Instrumentation: Beyond What You Do Now” [1]
• White Paper (by Peter and Baron) “Goal-Driven Performance Optimization” [2]

I highly recommend that you familiarize yourself with both of them.

Performance

Performance is about tasks and time.
We say that the system is performing well if it executes a task in an acceptable period of time, or that the …

Gcache and IST

The Gcache is a memory-based cache of recent Galera transactions that is local to each node in a cluster.  If a node leaves and rejoins the cluster, it can use the gcache from another node that stayed in the cluster (i.e., its donor node) to fetch the transactions it missed (IST) as opposed to doing a full state snapshot transfer (SST).  However, there are a few nuances that are not obvious to the beginner:

• The Gcache is lost when a node restarts
• The Gcache is fixed size and implemented as a LRU.  Once it is full, older transactions roll off.
• Donor selection is made irregardless of the gcache state
• If the given donor for a restarting node doesn’t have all transactions needed, a full SST (read: full backup) is done instead
• Until recent developments, there was no way to tell what, precisely, was in the Gcache.

So, with (somewhat) …

I built a new image on VMWare Fusion for my class, which required installing MySQL 5.6 on Fedora, Version 20. If you don’t know how to add your user to the sudoers list, you should check this older and recently updated blog post.

1. Download the MySQL Yum Repository and launch the downloaded RPM.

1. Install MySQL on Fedora, Version 20, which you can find with the following command:

shell> rpm -qa | grep mysql
mysql-community-release-fc20-5.noarch

The fc20-5 changes with point releases, but assuming that you’re installing the fc20-5 release:

      shell> sudo yum localinstall …

Today we had an interesting situation where the same query was executed significantly slower when it was written with GROUP BY instead of DISTINCT and I saw many people still had the assumption that these two types of queries are actually equivalent which is simply not true. Although DISTINCT queries can be implemented using GROUP BY but not every GROUP BY query can be translated to DISTINCT. Depending on the brand and the optimizer the database server may actually use group by internally for the execution of distinct but that won’t make them equivalent. Let’s see why…

GROUP BY as the name suggest groups the result by some set of parameters and evaluate the whole result set. In most databases group by is implemented based on sorting and the same rules applies to it as well.

DISTINCT will make sure that the same row won’t be returned in the result set twice. Distinct doesn’t necessary …

New Continuent Tungsten Replicator 2.2 is now available for download at www.continuent.com/software and http://code.google.com/p/tungsten-replicator/downloads/list.Tungsten Replicator is a high performance, open source, data replication engine for MySQL and Oracle, released under a GPL V2 license. Tungsten Replicator has all the features you expect from enterprise-class data replication products

In the last 10 years I have worked a lot with replication systems, and I have developed a keen interest in the topic of multiple masters in a single cluster. My interest has a two distinct origins:

• On one hand, I have interacted countless times with users who want to use a replication system as a drop-in replacement for a single server. In many cases, especially when users are dealing with applications that are not much flexible or modular, this means that the replication system must have several points of data entry, and such points must work independently and in symbiosis with the rest of the nodes.
• On the other hand, I am a technology lover (look it up in the dictionary: it is spelled geek), and as such I get my curiosity stirred whenever I discover a new possibility of implementing multi-master systems.

The double nature of this professional curiosity makes me sometimes forget that the …

MySQL and Scaling-up (using more powerful hardware) was always a hot topic. Originally MySQL did not scale well with multiple CPUs; there were times when InnoDB performed poorer with more  CPU cores than with less CPU cores. MySQL 5.6 can scale significantly better; however there is still 1 big limitation: 1 SQL query will eventually use only 1 CPU core (no parallelism). Here is what I mean by that: let’s say we have a complex query which will need to scan million of rows and may need to create a temporary table; in this case MySQL will not be able to scan the table in multiple threads (even with partitioning) so the single query will not be faster on the more powerful server. On the contrary, a server with more slower CPUs will show worse performance than the server with less (but faster) CPUs.

To address this issue we can use a parallel …

January 6, 2014 By Severalnines

MySQL Cluster is a popular backend for FreeRADIUS, as it provides a scalable backend to store user and accounting data. However, there are situations when the backend database becomes a centralized datastore for additional applications and services, and needs to take a more general-purpose role. NDB usually works very well for FreeRADIUS data, but for wider use cases and reporting type applications, InnoDB can be a better storage engine. For users who need to keep their data in InnoDB and still benefit from a highly available clustered datastore, Galera Cluster can be an appropriate alternative.

In this post, we will show you how to deploy FreeRadius both with MySQL Cluster and Galera Cluster to store user and accounting data. All servers are running CentOS 6.4 64bit.

FreeRadius Deployment with Galera

We will deploy a two-node FreeRadius cluster …

MySQL Cluster is a technology providing shared-nothing clustering and auto-sharding for the MySQL database management system. It is designed to provide high availability and high throughput with low latency, while allowing for near linear scalability.

To learn more about MySQL Cluster, take the 3-day MySQL Cluster training course. Below is a selection of events already on the schedule for this course.

Sometimes there is a need for keeping large amounts of old, rarely used data without investing too much on expensive storage. Very often such data doesn’t need to be updated anymore, or the intent is to leave it untouched. I sometimes wonder what I should really suggest to our Support customers.

For this purpose, the archive storage engine, added in MySQL 4.1.3, seems perfect as it provides excellent compression and the only DML statement it does allow is INSERT. However, does it really work as you would expect?

First of all, it has some serious limitations. Apart from lack of support for DELETE, REPLACE and UPDATE statements (which may be acceptable for some needs), another one is that it does not allow you to have indexes, although you can have an auto_increment column being either a unique or non-unique index. So usually …