Past - Frameworks without scale # Over the past couple of decades, there has been a steady rise in the complexity of the development stacks that the developers across the globe have been using. The web has advanced from being just HTML files, to also include CSS and JavaScript with their own multitudes of frameworks like Redwood, Next.js, and Angular, among many others. The number of library dependencies that each project has has also shot up, leading to package managers like npm gaining popularity.

Connecteam is a SaaS company that provides an employee management solution for deskless teams. Over the last couple of years, we’ve been growing tremendously and we recently started to face one of the hardest technical challenges: horizontal scaling. In the era of cloud computing, provisioning new resources is a breeze, but handling those resources in an efficient manner and providing a five nines uptime while allowing a fast-paced development environment is not an easy undertaking.

Query planning is hard # Have you ever wondered what goes on behind the scenes when you execute a SQL query? What steps are taken to access your data? In this article, I'll talk about the history of Vitess's V3 query planner, why we created a new query planner, and the development of the new Gen4 query planner. Vitess is a horizontally scalable database solution which means that a single table can be spread out across multiple database instances.

On behalf of the Vitess maintainers, I am pleased to announce the general availability of Vitess 12. Major Themes # In this release, Vitess Maintainers have made significant progress in several areas, including Gen4 planner, VTAdmin, and other improvements. Please take a moment to review the Release Notes. Please read them carefully and report any issues via GitHub. Gen4 Planner # The newest version of the query planner, Gen4, becomes an experimental feature as part of this release.

Originally posted at Andres's blog. Traditional query optimizing is mostly about two things: first, in which order and from where to access data, and then how to then combine it. You have probably seen the tree shapes execution plans that are produced from query planning. I’ll use an example from the MySQL docs, using FORMAT=TREE which was introduced in MySQL 8.0: mysql>EXPLAINFORMAT=TREE->SELECT*->FROMt1->JOINt2->ON(t1.c1=t2.c1ANDt1.c2<t2.c2)->JOINt3->ON(t2.c1=t3.c1)\G***************************1.row***************************EXPLAIN:->Innerhashjoin(t3.c1=t1.c1)(cost=1.05rows=1)->Tablescanont3(cost=0.35rows=1)->Hash->Filter:(t1.c2<t2.c2)(cost=0.70rows=1)->Innerhashjoin(t2.c1=t1.c1)(cost=0.70rows=1)->Tablescanont2(cost=0.35rows=1)->Hash->Tablescanont1(cost=0.35rows=1)Here we can see that the MySQL optimizer thinks the best plan is to start reading from t1 using a table scan.

On behalf of the Vitess maintainers, I am pleased to announce the general availability of Vitess 11. Major Themes # In this release, Vitess Maintainers have made significant progress in several areas, including Benchmarking, VTAdmin, Schema Tracking, Online DDL, and Performance improvements. While Schema Tracking is experimental, we’re very excited to have Gen4 planner evolving as well. Please take a moment to review the Release Notes. Please read them carefully and report any issues via GitHub.

Benchmarking is a critical technique for delivering high performance software. The basic idea behind benchmarking is measuring and comparing the performance of one software version against another. Over the years, many benchmarking techniques have emerged, but we can broadly separate them into two categories: micro and macro benchmarks. Micro-benchmarks measure a small part of the codebase, usually by isolating a single function call and calling it repeatedly, whereas macro-benchmarks measure the performance of the codebase as a whole and run in an environment similar to what end-users experience.

This post explains the inherent problem of running online schema changes in MySQL, on tables participating in a foreign key relationship. We'll lay some ground rules and facts, sketch a simplified schema, and dive into an online schema change operation. Our discussion applies to gh-ost, pt-online-schema-change, and VReplication based migrations, or any other online schema change tool that works with a shadow/ghost table like the Facebook tools. Why Online DDL? # Online schema change tools come as workarounds to an old problem: schema migrations in MySQL were blocking, uninterruptible, aggressive in resources, replication unfriendly.

Although the main interface between applications and a Vitess database is through the MySQL protocol, Vitess is a large and complex distributed system, and all the communication between the different services in a Vitess cluster is performed through GRPC. Because of this, all service boundaries and messages between Vitess' systems are specified using Protocol Buffers. The history of Vitess' integration with Protocol Buffers is rather involved: We have been using and keeping up to date with the Go Protocol Buffers package since its earliest releases, up until May last year, when Google released a new Go API for Protocol Buffers, which is not backwards compatible with the previous Go package.

On behalf of the Vitess maintainers, I am pleased to announce the general availability of Vitess 10. Major Themes # In this release, Vitess Maintainers have continued to focus on compatibility. It is still the most critical component of Vitess being part of the MySQL ecosystem. We have also started working on benchmarking and performance optimizations. These improvements have given us a clear vision of which areas of Vitess can be improved in terms of performance.