This blog is a presentation based on the uploaded slides.

We have focused a lot of energy on improving our capabilities to execute complex

queries in an efficient manner. The first step on these improvements we took in

MySQL Cluster 7.6, but even more improvements have been made in

MySQL Cluster 8.0.

There are four types of improvements that we have made. One is that we have added

the option to use a shared memory transporter between the MySQL Server and the

NDB data nodes when they are located on the same machine.

The second improvement is the adaptive CPU spinning described in blog post 1.

…

 As mentioned in  blog post 1 we have improved the capabilities to handle

very large write bandwidth and blog post 2 improved the checkpointing of

disk data columns in MySQL Cluster 8.0.20.

We wanted to verify that these changes were succesful. To do this we

selected to use the YCSB benchmark. This is a very simple benchmark,

it contains one table with in our variant 2 columns. The first

column is the primary key, the second key contains the payload data

and is stored in VARCHAR(29500) column that is stored on disk.

The first part of the benchmark fills the database. The database is

MySQL is an open-source relational database system that works on many Operating Systems, including Windows, Linux, macOS, and FreeBSD. It is probably the most popular OpenSource RDBMS and a central component of the LAMP and LEMP Stacks.

In MySQL Cluster 8.0.20 we added one more query type that can be pushed

down to NDB data nodes. These queries are outer join queries and semi-join

queries using the FirstMatch strategy.

These queries can be pushed if conditions can be pushed on those parts of

the query that involve the outer join using a concept in the MySQL Server

called join nests.

Pushed queries means that the join execution is pushed down to the NDB

data nodes. This means that the rows to process for the second table in

the join is sent directly from the LDM threads to the join processor

that will start the select on the second table. The join can contain

up to 32 tables. Many filters can be pushed as well. It is also possible

to push parts of a join query. We are actively working on supporting

more and more query variants …

 CPU spinning is something that has been around in NDB for a long time. This CPU

spinning has been static which means that each time a thread wakes up it will spin

waiting for incoming signals. Thus if spin time is set to e.g. 500 microsecond we will

spin 5% of the time even when there is no activity since each thread wakes up each

10 ms to perform timer based activities.

In the new spinning approach we wanted to achieve the following.

- Power efficient CPU spinning

  NDB Cluster data nodes can execute queries very efficiently, this leads to efficient

  power usage. However CPU spinning requires careful control to ensure that one

  doesn't  waste power while spinning.

- No spinning unless there is something to gain from it

  Static spinning will always spin independent …

 In MySQL Cluster 8.0.20 we made it possible to write to disk data columns

at considerably higher write rates than before. In MySQL Cluster 7.6 we

introduced adaptive checkpointing of in-memory rows to ensure that restarts

can be faster.

In order to handle very high write rates (up to more than 1 GByte per second)

on disk data columns in NDB it is necessary to control write rates more

efficiently.

To get the most efficient use of disk bandwidth it is important to ensure that

write rates are kept fairly constant such that we constantly make use of the

disk bandwidth. If the load on the disks goes up and down too fast we will not

be able to make use of all the available bandwidth in the disks.

With modern NVMe devices found in e.g. the Oracle Cloud one can achieve 10-20

GByte …

Schema changes are the big challenges in Galera replication. So, it is recommended to understand the schema changes operation for everyone who uses the Percona XtraDB Cluster (PXB)/Galera clusters. In this blog, I am going to explain the operation and impact of the various schema changes methods used in the PXB/Galera cluster.

• Schema changes with “wsrep_OSU_method = TOI”
• Schema changes with “wsrep_OSU_method = RSU”
• Schema changes with “ONLINE ALGORITHMS”
• Schema changes with “pt-osc”
• Schema changes with “gh-ost”

For testing:

• I have configured the 3-node Percona Xtradb Cluster (8.0.19).
• Executing read/write load using the sysbench.

mysql> select @@wsrep_cluster_address\G
*************************** 1. row …

 In MySQL Cluster 8.0.20 a new feature was added that enables higher write rates

in NDB Cluster. In previous releases the communication between nodes in the same

node group was handled by one socket. This single socket was able to handle about

200-300 MBytes of write traffic between the replicas inside one node group. Thus

in clusters with many node groups the write rates can be much higher.

For most applications this doesn't represent any problem at all. However there are

certain applications that require wast amount of writes.

One such application is when NDB is used to store file data. File writes can easily

go beyond 200-300 MBytes per second. Another application is when NDB is used to

store data from measurements, stock data or other applications that require millions of

writes per second.

…

MySQL 8.0 Performance Benchmarking on Amazon EC2 The scope of performance benchmarking

The core objective of this benchmarking exercise is to measure MySQL 8.0 performance, This include INSERTs , SELECTs and complex transaction processing (both INSERTs and SELECTs) without any tuning of MySQL 8 instance’s my.cnf. We agree tuning my.cnf will greatly improve performance but in this activity we wanted to benchmark MySQL 8 transaction processing capabilities and technically in MinervaDB we measure performance by Response Time and believe you can build high performance MySQL applications by writing optimal SQL. We have used Sysbench (https://github.com/MinervaDB/MinervaDB-Sysbench release 1.0.20) for this benchmarking activity. This is not a paid / sponsored benchmarking effort by any of the software or hardware vendors, We will remain …

MySQL 8.0 has been with us already for quite some time and many MySQL users have already upgraded to this version. For those who are still using older MySQL versions, we would like to present this blog where we will share some tips and information that help in the upgrade process for MySQL 8.0.

Mind Your Version

Software versions are quite important in the upgrade process. For starters, only one major version difference is supported. You have to be running MySQL 5.7 before you can upgrade to MySQL 8.0. This is quite important to keep …