In the ever-evolving world of database management systems, SQL Server and MySQL stand as two of the most popular and widely-used solutions. Both platforms offer robust features and reliable performance, but which one is the right choice for your needs?

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Introduction In this article, we are going to see what a Clustered Index is and why it’s very important to understand how tables are organized when using a relational database system. B+ Tree The most common index used in a relational database system is the B+ Tree one. Like the B-Tree index, the B+ Tree is a self-balanced ordered tree data structure. Both the B-Tree and the B-Tree start from a Root node and may have Internal Nodes and Leaf Nodes. However, unlike the B-Tree, the B+ Tree stores all the keys... Read More

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Introduction Welcome to a new issue of the High-Performance Java Persistence Newsletter in which we share articles, videos, workshops, and StackOverflow answers that are very relevant to any developer who interacts with a database system using Java. Articles From version 2.12, Percona PMM uses Victoria Metrics instead of Prometheus. Victoria Metrics provides better disk I/0 utilization and less memory usage. For more details about this change and its benefits, check out this article. By default, the MySQL JDBC Driver only emulates prepared statements. If you wonder whether server-side prepared statements perform better... Read More

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Introduction In this article, we are going to see how the SQL EXISTS operator works and when you should use it. Although the EXISTS operator has been available since SQL:86, the very first edition of the SQL Standard, I found that there are still many application developers who don’t realize how powerful SQL subquery expressions really are when it comes to filtering a given table based on a condition evaluated on a different table. Database table model Let’s assume we have the following two tables in our database, that form a one-to-many... Read More

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Introduction In this article, we are going to see how a CROSS JOIN works, and we will also make use of this SQL join type to build a poker card game. Database table model For our poker card game application, we have created the ranks and suits database tables: The ranks table defines the ranking of cards, as well as the name and symbol used for each card rank: The suits table describes the four possible categories used by the French playing cards: Cartesian product In the set theory, the Cartesian product... Read More

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Introduction In this article, we are going to see how a deadlock can occur in a relational database system, and how Oracle, SQL Server, PostgreSQL, or MySQL recover from a deadlock situation. Database locking Relational database systems use various locks to guarantee transaction ACID properties. For instance, no matter what relational database system you are using, locks will always be acquired when modifying (e.g., UPDATE or DELETE) a certain table record. Without locking a row that was modified by a currently running transaction, Atomicity would be compromised. Using locking for controlling access... Read More

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Introduction Ever wanted to connect to a relational database using Java and didn’t know which JDBC Driver Maven dependency to use? If so, this article is surely going to help you from now on. Oracle Since September 2019, the Oracle JDBC Driver is available on Maven Central. For JDK 10 and 11, use the following Maven dependency: For JDK 8, use the ojdbc8 artifact instead: For more details about the proper version to use, check out the following Maven Central link. MySQL The MySQL Driver is available on Maven Central, so just... Read More

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One of the biggest and undead myths in SQL is that COUNT(*) is faster than COUNT(1). Or was it that COUNT(1) is faster than COUNT(*)? Impossible to remember, because there's really no reason at all why one should be faster than the other. But is the myth justified? Let's measure! How does COUNT(...) work? But … Continue reading What’s Faster? COUNT(*) or COUNT(1)? →

Introduction In this article, we are going to see how we can limit the SQL query result set to the Top-N rows only. Limiting the SQL result set is very important when the underlying query could end up fetching a very large number of records, which can have a significant impact on application performance. Why limit the number of rows of a SQL query? Fetching more data than necessary is the number one cause of data access performance issues. When a given business use case is developed, the amount of data available... Read More

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Introduction In this article, we are going to see how we can sort an SQL query result set using an ORDER BY clause that takes a RANDOM function provided by a database-specific function. This is a very handy trick, especially when you want to shuffle a given result set. Note that sorting a large result set using a RANDOM function might turn out to be very slow, so make sure you do that on small result sets. If you have to shuffle a large result set and limit it afterward, then it’s... Read More

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