The EXPLAIN command is an important tool to review how a SQL query is executed and in this example includes what indexes are used.

By adding a covering index I ended up with the following EXPLAIN plan I was unable to explain. The end result was a boost in server performance which was the ultimate goal.

mysql> explain select max(md)  from e_r  where email = 'xxxx@gmail.com' and id = '36981';
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                        |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | NULL  | NULL | NULL

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It is important to know and understand that while indexing columns in MySQL will generally improve performance, using the appropriate type of index can make a greater impact on performance.

There are four general index types to consider when creating an appropriate index to optimize SQL queries.

• Column Index
• Concatenated Index
• Covering Index
• Partial Index

For the purpose of this discussion I am excluding other specialized index types such as fulltext, spatial and hash in memory engine.

Example Table

For the following examples, I will use this test table structure.

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS t1;
CREATE TABLE t1(
  id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  user_name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
  first_name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
  last_name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
  external_id INT

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Interpreting the output of the MySQL EXPLAIN command can be tricky. From all the information you get, some of the most important information is:

• Full table scans
• High join size product
• Using filesorts
• Using temporary tables

This can be hard to see in the raw output. Example query:

EXPLAIN SELECT b.item_id, b.bidder_id, u.username, MAX(price) AS price FROM bid b JOIN user u ON (b.bidder_id = u.user_id) WHERE b.item_id = '1' GROUP BY b.bidder_id ORDER BY price DESC

The explain outputs:

id, select_type, table, type, possible_keys, key, key_len, ref, rows, Extra
1, SIMPLE, b, ALL, null, null, 0, null, 22660, Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort
1, SIMPLE, u, eq_ref, PRIMARY, PRIMARY, 4, heavybidder.b.bidder_id, 1,

We've been experimenting












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I was surprised to find yesterday when using MySQL 5.1.26-rc with a client I’m recommending 5.1 to, some information not seen in the EXPLAIN plan before while reviewing SQL Statements.

Using join buffer

+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+--------------+---------+------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type   | possible_keys | key          | key_len | ref                    | rows  | Extra                                        |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+--------------+---------+------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | lr    | ALL    | NULL          | NULL         | NULL    | NULL                   |  1084 | Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort |
|  1 | SIMPLE

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At the 2008 MySQL Conference and Expo, The Pythian Group gave away EXPLAIN cheatsheets. They were very nice, printed in full color and laminated to ensure you can spill your coffee* on it and it will survive.

For those not at the conference, or those that want to make more, the file is downloadable as a 136Kb PDF at explain-diagram.pdf

* or tea, for those of us in the civilized world.

• Baron Schwartz presents
• only works for SELECTs
• nobody dares admit if they've never seen EXPLAIN
• MySQL actually executes the query
• at each JOIN, instead of executing the query, it fills the EXPLAIN result set
• everything is a JOIN (even SELECT 1)
• Columns in EXPLAIN
• id: which SELECT the row belongs to
• select_type
• simple
• subquery
• derived
• union
• union result
• table: the table accessed or its alias
• type:
• join
• range
• …
• possible_keys: which indexes looked useful to the optimizer
• key: which index(es) the optimizer chose
• key_len: the number of bytes of the index MySQL will use
• ref: which columns/constants from

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I'll be attending the 2008 MySQL Conference and Expo again this year, and I'm looking forward to hearing some great sessions, meeting new and old friends, and giving sessions myself. As a proposal reviewer, I looked at and voted on 250+ proposals for sessions and tutorials for this conference. There are going to be some great sessions and tutorials.

If you've ever wished you could see MySQL's EXPLAIN output formatted as a tree, now you can. MySQL Visual Explain transforms EXPLAIN output into a hierarchical view of the query plan, which is significantly easier to read and understand.

Is your MySQL server doing an extra index scan on queries that need to check a key for matches or NULL? It's easy for this to happen accidentally, but it's also easy to fix, especially in MySQL 5.0 and up. Here's how.

As soon as I've finished writing this post about "Using join cache", it was apparent that "Using join cache" is poor wording. First, the corresponding server variable is called @@join_buffer_size, not join cache size, and second, there is really no cache involved.

We've had a discussion about how this should be called. Some sources use term Block nested-loops join but we've settled on "Using join buffer". Another change is that we've decided to move the note one line down to the table that "does the buffering". As a result, what was this

mysql> explain select * from t1, t2 where t1.col < 10 and t2.col < 'bar';
+----+-------------+-------+-------+-...-+-------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type  |     | Extra                         |

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UPDATE:
* s/Using join cache/Using join buffer/, changed to show the final variants of EXPLAIN output as described here
* s/join_buff_size/join_buffer_size/

---

Starting from 5.1.18, EXPLAIN output may show "Using join cache", like in this example:

mysql> explain select * from t1, t2 where t1.col < 10 and t2.col < 'bar';
+----+-------------+-------+-------+-...-+--------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type  |     | Extra                          |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+-...-+--------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t1    | range |     | Using where                    |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t2    | range |     | Using where; Using join buffer |

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