Introduction: Eventually every database system hit its limits. Especially on the Internet, where you have millions of users which theoretically access your database simultaneously, eventually your IO system will be a bottleneck.
Conventional solutions: In general, as a first step, MySQL Replication is used to scale-out in such a situation. MySQL Replication scales very well when you have a high read/write (r/w) ratio. The higher the better. But also such a MySQL Replication system hits its limits when you have a huge amount of (write) access. Because database systems have random disk access, it's not the throughput of your IO system that's relevant but the IO per second (random seek). You can scale this in a very limited way by adding more disks to your IO system, but here too you eventually hit a limit (price).